Modern European Economics essays

Modern European Economics essays German Reunification- On October 1989 the East German government was in crisis. President Honecker resigned, and his successor, Egon Krenz, promised to give Germany a reform. November 9, it was decided that the Berlin wall no longer served as a function, and east and west Germans attacked the wall tearing it down, as a result, they formed a union, stabilizing social and economic structures. The financial systems merged, and economic problems out grew from this change. The cost of providing goods and services between the east and the west caused strain, and money loss, which would result in economic recession. This caused cutting of social services, increased taxes, and reducing government subsides. A positive economic result from unification was the increased competitiveness of German economy, brought by the increasing market of consumer products. Collapse of the Soviet Union- The USSR collapsed in 1991 causing it to become an independent nation. The progressing problems of the new government caused an exceptional time of economic crisis that effected Russia and putting it in a much worse state in which it had been in an economic decline since the 1970s . It suffered foreign reserves which impaired the countries ability to import goods. Shock therapy program- Prime Minister Yeltsins economic reform for Russia which included freeing prices, and removing legal barriers to private trade and manufacture. This government form was hard to implement in Russia, even though it freed most prices, it still maintained controls on the prices of certain basic consumer goods and key economic inputs. Maastricht Treaty- Agreement that put the European Union as successor to the European Community. It introduced a central banking system, and common currency. It also worked toward establishing a common foreign and security policy. The treaty was signed in 1991, it was ratified and later took effect ...

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Human resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human resource Management - Essay Example The three human resource topics that will be emphasize in this analysis are managing sex and gender issues, employee benefits and compensation, and equal employment opportunities. My father’s company currently has only two employees. I envision tremendous growth for this company and within five years it is highly likely the firm could approach a payroll of over 100 employees. One of the topics that must be emphasized by the managers and the human resource department of the company are sex and gender issues. The civil rights and feminism movements of the 1960’s helped women reached equality in the United States. In the past women served the role of housewives. Today there are as many women in the workforce as men. In the 1900 only 19% of women worked, but by 2007 women composed 46% of the labor force (Lee & Mather, 2008). Due to the importance of women in the workplace the company must protect the rights of its workers and provide equal opportunities for employees of bot h sexes. My father’s business will become a place where people feel secured and happy to work there. The best way to achieve that goal is by complying with labor laws to ensure the employees are provided with a safe working environment. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Right Act prohibits sex discrimination in the workplace. â€Å"Title VII applies to private employers, state and local government employers, labor organizations, employment agencies, and joint employer-union apprenticeship programs with 15 or more employees† (Equalrights, 2011). The company will utilize an ethical framework to ensure all employees are respected. Another problem related with gender is a concept known as glass ceiling. The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier that affects the chances of women and minorities to reach the managerial level in an organization due to prejudice (Businessdictionary, 2011). To prevent the glass ceiling from occurring at the organization the firm must hire women and mi norities to become a part of the managerial team as the firm begins to grow. The company must audit its human resource composition every three months. The manager will compare the ethnic and gender composition to determine if the firm’s human resources have a similar composition as the population of the United States. The second human resource issue that the company must manage well is its employee salary and benefit packages. Employees participating in the U.S. labor force expect to get compensated well. In the United States the average salary is $41,673 (Ssa, 2011). The company must perform adequate research on how much each profession is paying in the United States. The salary the company will pay its employees will be equal or higher than the average salary for the profession based on experience. A website that provides excellent information regarding the salaries of different professions based on work experience is Salary.com (Salary, 2011). The company will be able to m aintain a higher employee retention rate if the firm pays competitive salaries. A second component of a total compensation package is the benefits. In today’s economy sometimes employees value benefit as much if not more than salary. The employees knows that a salary can be replaced by getting a different job, but a job that offers tremendous benefits are hard to

Competency based education in terms of its suitability to Respriatory Essay

Competency based education in terms of its suitability to Respriatory care education - Essay Example Respiratory care education requires systematic approach due to the complex level of knowledge and skills that the students are required to have them become competent practitioners. Respiratory care practice is also a regulated profession that has guideline and standards which the practitioners should meet (Wyka, Mathew and Clark 5). These make the respiratory care education to require a systematic but flexible approach. The competency-based education is well known to provide this kind of characteristics to a learning process and thus it can play a fundamental role in the sustainability of this kind of education. Competency based education can play various roles in the sustainability of respiratory care education. One of the major roles it can play is assisting in the selection and design of the module or course content. Another role it can play is assisting in the identification of individual course or module performance objectives. It can also assist in defining the ways in which respiratory care education can use to administer the course content. Competency based education can also assist in the selection of the kind of assessment that is suitable for the kind of competency that the learners are required to attain in respiratory care education. Another way that this kind of education can assist is through providing an evaluation method that can relate individual’s performance to the specified criteria or standards. This can assist in informing the trainers whether the students have developed the level of competency that is sufficient for effective practicing as respiratory care pro fessions. Competency based education program involves a selection of the knowledge and skills which should be taught in a course as well as determination of how these knowledge and skills should be taught. It also involves the selection of the

The Four Causes of Aristotle Essay Example for Free

The Four Causes of Aristotle Essay Aristotle, being the first historian of philosophy, categorized his predecessors according to how they’ve answered the central questions of the human mind – the question of the first principle of all things. It is otherwise known as the Four Causes. He defined science as knowledge through causes. This doctrine of causes is scattered in different Aristotelian treatises but have its highlight in his book Metaphysics. This principle of causality is an essential part of Aristotelian thought. In his mind, Aristotle argued that events happen for a cause which will explain its origin, end and the way it came to be. For him, â€Å"everything that comes to be is due to causes.† He criticized his predecessors for their not having clearly explained the why of this, that, and so on. Chance, mythology or fortuitous events are not sufficient enough to solve the problem of cosmology. These causes are divided into four distinct types. He developed this principle from the standpoint of being. For this reason, the basic Aristotelian division is between actual and potential causes, contrary to the traditional division made by the scholastics between intrinsic and extrinsic. As for the actual cause, there is the formal, efficient and final causes and for the potency only the material cause; in the traditional scholastic division, material and formal causes made up the intrinsic cause while the remaining two makes the extrinsic cause. Each of these causes can be shortly defined as follows: 1.Material Cause is the constitutive element from which something is made from. 2.Formal Cause means the form of something, â€Å"it is what determines its essence to be what it is† 3.Efficient Cause is the being who made that something. 4.Final Cause is that for what sake something exists, â€Å"it is what constitutes the perfection of the being† . In other words, it is the purpose of that being. The final cause is the summation of all other causes; it is where every other cause can be founded. â€Å"‘Cause means (1) that from which, as immanent material, a thing comes into being, e.g., the bronze is the cause of the statue and the silver of the saucer, and so are the genera to which these things belong. (2) The form or pattern, i.e., the definition of the essence, and the genera which include this (e.g., the ratio 2:1 and number in general are causes of the octave), and the parts included in the definition. (3) That from which the change or the resting from change first begins; e.g., the adviser is a cause of action, and the father a cause of the child, and in general the maker of a cause of the thing made and the change-producing of the changing. (4) The end, i.e., that for the sake of which a thing is; e.g., health is the cause of walking† As mentioned earlier, Aristotle classified earlier philosophers by what kind of cause is their philosophy. We can classify Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras and Empedocles in the material cause. These philosophers, though differing in opinion of the primary principle of all things, emphasized the constitutive element of everything. Thus, they are rightly to be numbered in the material cause. The water of Thales, the air of Anaximenes, fire of Heraclitus, the atoms of Leucippus and Democritus, the Homeomeries of Anaxagoras, the four elements of Empedocles and the apeiron of Anaximander (â€Å"†¦ he [Anaximander] said that the principleand the constitutive element of the things that exist is the apeiron. He was the one who first designated the material principle of all things by this name† ) are all primary element of everything for these philosophers, may it be by some other cause or not. For the formal cause, we can only classify only three pre-Socratic thinkers, Pythagoras, Parmenides and Anaxagoras. By formal cause, we mean that it pertains to the form of everything. Let us try to briefly examine each of these philosophers: The Pythagoreans have thought that the first principle is Numbers; their idea of Numbers is different from ours. For them, numbers have resemblances from everything. â€Å"Musical harmony for example, could be reduced to a set of numerical relations. Natural phenomena followed an order e\which could also be measured numerically – the duration of the year, the seasons, the length of the day, etc.† Parmenides, on the other hand, thought of the â€Å"being† as the principle of everything. â€Å"One statement alone expresses the road to follow: being is† . His being is univocal; it can only be apprehended by the intellect. He denied the existence of change, therefore, making his being as something permanent, unchangeable, immovable. It cannot cause something for it will mean to cause a change, thus, we cannot classify being as an efficient cause. Rather we classify it to the formal cause for his being underlies everything, it is actually in everything. Lastly, Anaxagoras, though numbered earlier among the material philosophers, can also be classified in the formal cause. Because of the multiplicity of substances, he concluded that the first principle (in his case his Homeomeries) must, in a way, embody all things in itself. We can also enumerate Anaxagoras and Empedocles in the efficient cause. Let us examine how this had happened. Alongside his Homeomeries, Anaxagoras added another principle, the Nous (Intelligence). It is important to bear in mind, that the Nous is separated from matter. It merely starts the cosmic movement from where everything starts to differentiate from one another. Its movement determines the diverse proportion of Homeomeries in each thing. Thus making reason â€Å"deus ex machina† â€Å"’The Intelligence ordains everything that is brought into being – those things that existed in the past and exist in the present and exist no longer, those that exist in the present and those that will exist in the future.† Empedocles is another philosopher with an efficient cause. Because of the influence of Eleatic philosophy, he is forced to search for another cause besides the material principle in order to salvage the world of phenomena. He put Love and Hate as the efficient cause that unites and separates the four elements. While love brings forth together, hate separates. There is a perpetual alteration of dominance between those two; this cycle dictates corruption and generation. â€Å"Things never cease to change, sometimes uniting with one another through Love; and at other times, separating themselves from one another through the divisiveness of Discord† The final cause: the most important of all the causes. In this category we can classify the sophists and Socrates. They have put man as the measure and end of all things. The final cause is for man. Sophism ushered a new era in philosophy as a whole, this age turned to man for the first time. Everything belonged to man. Though sophism had been degenerated into â€Å"apparent wisdom† , with it still came the time where man has been the focus of philosophy. His end and his goodness is the final cause of everything. Protagoras, most famous of the sophists argued that man is the one who determines everything, even truth. This relativism of Protagoras is because he based his knowledge exclusively on senses which are constantly subjected to change. This can be summarized on his words in the introduction of On Truth: â€Å"Man is the measure of all things – things which exist insofar as they exist, things which do not exist insofar as they do not exist.† Socrates, the one who â€Å"called philosophy from heaven†; is the foremost philosopher of the final cause. For him the most important thing is for the benefit of the human soul, ergo, knowing the good. For him the soul is the center of moral life. He identified virtue as knowledge, the mainspring of all other virtues. For him, only in ignorance does one commit sins. In Socratic thought, human dignity has been raised that all things are for the good of his soul. These four causes of Aristotle gave a very clear view of the improvement of ancient Greek Philosophy, from its coldest principle for all things to the warmest humanistic approach. I am in a position with Aristotle concerning these causes. As for me, the causes clearly demonstrate the history of Greek Philosophy from the pre-Socratics up to Socrates.

Shakespeares Tempest :: essays research papers

I love the way Prospero speaks! Although I hate his character, his way of speaking is eloquently biting—whether he is speaking lovingly to his daughter or abusively to Caliban, he gets his point across beautifully. I tried with all my might to decide whether I like Prospero†¦ but to no avail. I had a bad taste in my mouth from the get-go because I remembered a comment about the ambiguity of the Caliban situation—how maybe he did try to rape Miranda, but maybe he didn’t, so maybe Prospero was noble by enslaving Caliban†¦ but maybe he was tyrannical. Prospero definitely reminded me of The Duke (Measure for Measure). Both played God-like roles, deceiving for a good cause yet deceiving nonetheless. I also love how Ferdinand sees Miranda, walks up to her, and says, â€Å"Hey baby, you single? A virgin? Attached? Wanna be a queen?† and that’s all he has to do. Besides Prospero’s fake-objections and all the wood-hauling, Miranda is as good as won. They have some really great lines between them—it’s one of my favorite love-dialogues. It probably helped that he thought he was gonna die and she had only seen two other men in her entire life. But love’s love. My favorite part was how he, a prince, stooped to a â€Å"patient log-man† level to prove his love for her, and how she offered to help while he rested! When Ferdinand first sees Miranda and promptly begins wooing, Prospero accuses him of attempted usurpation. I thought this was ironic†¦ and then realized that usurpation may be a theme that runs through the course of the play. Which it is. I think. Because Antonio usurped Prospero (right?), Prospero usurped Caliban, Sebastian is thinking about usurping Alonso, and Caliban is lookin to usurp Prospero. Maybe ‘usurp’ isn’t the right word for all of these cases—maybe ‘kill’ would suffice. I’m not sure of the exact definition of usurp, but I’m pretty sure a transfer of power via overthrow or murder plays a part. Onward to conventions! I saw lots of dark/light imagery, storms (of course), magic (also of course—there was a magic cloak, after all), nature vs.

Deterioration of the environment Essay

The world hunger problem is characterized by an imbalance or inadequate distribution of people and food, and has both immediate and long-run features that threaten the welfare of millions. Instances of hunger and malnutrition occur when people are unable to obtain an adequate share of the world’s supply of food. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) estimates that as many as 500 million people suffer from hunger and the effects of malnutrition. The Overseas Development Council (ODC) estimates that in 1980, as many as 400 million people in developing nations lived in absolute poverty. The Hunger Project estimates that 13 to 18 million people die each year from hunger. For the most part, these conditions are chronic. They are a daily fact of life. All African countries in are considered as third world countries and that is very true that they encounter all the above problems that environmental degradation, political representation and poverty which to a larger extent are interrelated hence rendering the fact that one’s cause leads to another’s effect. Before we go further into this discussion it always important to know deeply the meanings of the key words being discussed. In a day man’s language environmental degradation is to disgrace or debase or reduce the value of the environment (in this case). It can be reducing its value for instance through soil erosion, air pollution by chemicals from industries, water pollution by direct sewerage linked to a nearby river and many more. For sure this happens in most third world countries not only in Africa. Literature review Poverty Poverty simply means a state of want or lacking means or inadequacy especially in terms of the basic needs. It is the inability of people to meet their basic needs in life. In developing countries people encounter both Primary poverty and secondary poverty. Primary poverty in this case is where families’ total incomes are insufficient to enable them purchase or maintain the minimum necessities of life. Secondary poverty is whereby individuals or families can earn adequate income but spend it on useless items and as a result lack the basic necessities of life for example by alcohol, poor budgeting. People in these three named countries mostly live under poverty line. Poverty line means the minimum level of income or standard of living in a society depending on the cost of availability of basic necessities. United Nations has defined poverty as â€Å"is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and cloth a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living on marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation† (UNICEF, 2005) Periodically, conditions worsen dramatically and people in famine-affected regions are thrown into a food crisis that subjects them to starvation and the increased threat of immediate death. These short-run crises are usually precipitated by political unrest, drought, or floods that create even greater disequilibrium between food supplies and people. Food crises are part of the anatomy of the world hunger problem, but while they are most often the outgrowth of chronic conditions made worse, they are not the essence of the long-term problem that confronts the less fortunate people of the world. That problem is typified by the insidious advance of malnutrition and hunger into the lives of millions of people, subjecting them to rampant disease, excessive infant mortality, limited life expectancy, and a truly substandard quality of life. Food shortages, inadequate food distribution, and other conditions that are often dramatized to focus on the world hunger problem are merely symptomatic expressions of more fundamental causes of world hunger, the principal one of which is poverty. People are chronically hungry and malnourished because they are poor. In Less Developed Countries, poverty first limits the ability of people to purchase food. (Poor people have little, if any, money to spend on food. ) At the same time, people in LDCs also lack the money and energy to invest in learning and applying production-increasing technology to produce food for their families. The hunger problem is thus a poverty-induced dilemma with two horns: too little money-backed demand (people need food but cannot buy enough) and too little supply. Combine aggregate poverty with unprogressive agriculture; soaring population growth; poor income distribution; and inadequate social, political, and economic systems and policies, and the result is a dilemma of staggering complexity. At its apex, however, is the inability of people to purchase and produce adequate amounts of food.

Psychology Ia Notes

Psychology Summer Assignment 2011 Due first class back in August/ September: Draft of Introduction and Design of Psychology Experiment. HL Psychology: IA is graded out of a score of 28. It is worth 20% of your final grade. 1500-2000 words SL Psychology: IA is graded out of a score of 20. It is worth 25% of the Final Grade. 1000-1500 words Refer to the IB Guide for First Exams in 2011 as you write your paper, and keep in contact with me. Here is a website from which you can download the Psychology Guide: http://www. bsurvival. com/files/file/1134-psychology-guide-for-first-examinations-in-2011/ Here are the parts of the IA that you must submit in our next class in August: Introduction (5 points HL; 2 points SL)) Method: Design (2 points for SL and HL) Method: Participants (2 points for SL and HL) Method: Procedure (2 points for SL and HL) Key advice: NUMBERS: Make sure that you choose an experiment that has results that can be measured on a broad scale. So observers in Bandura were not told to rate violence on a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† basis, but to count the number of violent acts; Milgram had many intervals on his â€Å"shock machine† that enabled him to measure and compare statistics about what point people would drop out at; Loftus and Palmer asked participants to estimate speeds in miles per hour, as opposed to â€Å"were they going fast or slow. † You will be calculating statistics and showing trends. The more detailed the numbers, the more you can say about them. And nearly half of your IA grade will be based on what you do with these numbers. ETHICS: Refer closely to the Guide as you prepare. PARTICIPANTS: there are many characteristics of participants that can be considered confounding variables. You should know your experiment well enough to avoid these. DESIGN: Repeated measures or independent samples. The answer to which one you choose is always logical, but you must show that you understand the logic. METHOD: It must be possible for the reader to replicate your study based on what you write. A word of encouragement: You should be carefully selecting the experiment that you will replicate over the summer. I have asked for a draft of the first parts of the paper to get you to start writing in the IA style. If you over the summer you find that you cannot write about your experiment, you will still have time to choose another one. I will be available throughout the summer through emails, and at times through Moodle, so keep in touch. The IB says that you must have 30 hours (SL) and 40 hours (HL) of class time devoted to the IA. I prefer to use this time to work on how to do the experiment, express the results, debate the conclusions. But for that, you need to get through the simplest processes on your own. Every one of you is capable of a grade of â€Å"5† if you are diligent. And once you know you have an IA grade of â€Å"5,† you'll have renewed confidence and motivation to get through the final months of the course. Due Dates: First Draft (all parts) by October 20 (last class before the Toussaint break) Papers will be returned with comments and advice after the Toussaint. Final Draft: IB and Ermitage approved deadline is December 10. This information can also be found on your Moodle Y1 Psych site.

Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health The WritePass Journal

Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health Introduction, Background and Aims Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health Introduction, Background and Aims  The Problem – Innovation GapCore Elements of the GSPAOngoing Monitoring on ImpactConclusionsReferencesRelated Introduction, Background and Aims The Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (GSPOA) established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2008 suggested that the WHO should take a central role when it comes to managing the relationship between innovation, intellectual property and the provision of health services across the globe. As noted in the background understanding of the strategy set out by the WHO, 4.8 billion people are living in what is considered to be a developing country, with 2.7 billion of those living on a budget of less than two US dollars a day[1]. Linking this to the provision of healthcare services and the recognition that communicable diseases are often central to the mortality rate in these countries, the WHO recommended looking at how new products could legally be managed so that they are made available to fight diseases within the developing countries, thus providing the necessary foundation for the pharmaceutical industry, so that there woul d be no gap in treatment between the developed and developing regions[2]. The purpose of this report is to consider how effective the strategy has been in terms of dealing with the issues of neglected diseases and ensuring that individuals have access to medicines, based on their needs and not determined by where they live or their financial resources. This paper will first look at the perceived problems that were to be addressed by the strategy in terms of the innovation gap and why the developing regions seem to be lagging behind where access to medicine is concerned. It will also explore the link that has been established between accessibility and the ability to protect intellectual property, and encourage innovation. The key elements of the strategy, including how these are to be prioritised will then be looked at, to ascertain which are likely to encourage such innovation and the legal provisions that are likely to be formative in achieving this. Consideration will then be given to regional platforms and ways in which this strategy has been applied in localised developing regions, as well as identifying any ongoing issues that have emerged in more recent years; finally, recommendations will be made for the future, in order to deal with any weaknesses in the original agenda of the strategy.   The Problem – Innovation Gap Before looking at whether or not the strategy and subsequent legal approach has been successful in addressing neglected diseases and improving general levels of access to medicine, it is first necessary to consider the stated problems which the strategy aims to deal with and the way in which it viewed the issue of innovation, at the outset, when setting out the appropriate strategy to deal with this gap[3]. The need to deal with the issue of access to basic medical care is increasingly important according to the international agenda for global health. Much of this has been encouraged by the HIV pandemic taking place in the developing countries at a much more serious rate than that the experience of the more developed locales[4]. With this in mind and in the context of the introduction of the World Trade Organisation Agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights by offering patent protection to pharmaceutical products, there is increasing attention being placed on issues relating to the availability and pricing of the essential medicines[5]. The issue of dealing with the innovation gap and the resulting gap in the availability of medicines between the developing and developed regions is something that emerged during the 2008 strategy and is also central to the research undertaken by the Commission on Health Research and Development, back in the 1990s, where commitments were made as part of the millennium development goals to ensure that activities would be undertaken to benefit some of the poorest countries in the world; for example, encouraging donations from both public and private sectors, in order to ensure that these countries were able to undertake their own research and development, thus reducing any disparity that existed within global health. Despite this commitment, the innovation gap remains, and this has led to the establishment of the 2008 strategy. Since the establishment of the 1995 World Trade Organisation protection of intellectual property rights relating to pharmaceutical products, there has been an ongoing tension between the ability of commercial organisations to achieve financial success as a result of patenting pharmaceutical products and the need to ensure consistent global health services. This tension was such that, in 2003, it was decided by the World Health Organisation that it was necessary to obtain the advice of an independent expert commission[6]. As a result, the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health established that there are key policy measures that need to be created, in order to fill in the gaps which have emerged in this area and to deal with the ever increasing disparity in health care services. In particular, the commission focused on the gap that existed in the innovation cycle. The commission saw the crucial step of breaking down the innovation cycle as a means of l ooking at the various stages of bringing medicines to the market and, critically, identifying any weaknesses within the developing regions that emerge as part of the innovation cycle. When looking at countries that have made essential innovative improvements, it is possible to identify more accurately how the developing countries could potentially improve in the future, so as to ensure that appropriate medicines becomes available on a needs’ basis, rather than on an economic basis. Recommendations were made on policy improvement in the area and as such the Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property was established[7]. The group worked with the notion that the development of innovation is a complex process and requires a wide range of policy areas to be considered including the actual scientific and medical fields, but also taking into account social, economic and historic factors, all of which are likely to be relevant when it comes to the underlying success of policy initiatives. Despite this, the focus remains on the concept of pharmaceutical innovation, which looks at the process of discovering, developing, producing and delivering medical products, as and when people require them. Each of these four steps is potentially relevant when considering why certain groups in certain countries do not achieve an acceptable level of health care. Any blockage at any of these stages will have a detrimental impact on the ability of individuals to be treated on a needs’ basis. By using health innovation as an ongoing cycle, several critical practical realities need to be considered[8]. Firstly, it is noted that any form of health innovation will continuously lead in to further health innovation and therefore it will be necessary for experts to have access to previously gained knowledge, before they can then develop this into new knowledge. Secondly, it is also noted that the development of new drugs in isolation is insufficient, as a health infrastructure is required in order to ensure that the correct people have access to the medical care that is produced. This is often perceived to be an underlying problem of intellectual property, in itself, as it may be possible for an individual within an industry to develop a new product or new process, but it is ensuring that this new product or process enters the market which ultimately makes it commercially viable. The health innovation market is no different and, whilst it may be possible for key individuals to develop new innovations, if there is no structure available to ensure that everyone gains access to these medicines, the cycle is broken and the underlying goal of the WHO is not achieved[9]. Therefore, in the developing regions, there is the difficulty, not only of lacking potential technical expertise to develop the drugs, but also of being unable to develop, produce and distribute any medical advancement, which will ultimately block the ability of key individuals to receive the treatment they require based on need. Core Elements of the GSPA Eight core elements are identified as relevant as part of this policy for legal and research reform. Each of these is considered briefly, in order to identify the impact that they have had on the overall development of the ability of developing countries to utilise health innovation in such a way that will benefit the necessary groups of individuals. Prioritising research and development needs: starting at the outset of the health cycle, the WHO ensured that a better understanding of the health needs of developing countries was required, so that any research and development is focused on these key areas. This crucial stage is vital when identifying neglected diseases as, without identifying the diseases to be targeted, it is difficult to ensure that appropriate innovation takes place. Promoting research and development: although there are multiple different ways of determining the innovative capacity of a particular region, the WHO feels that those responsible for ensuring that neglected diseases in the developing countries are managed more effectively should receive enhanced support to bring their research and development more in line with the developed regions. Building and improving innovative capacity: effective policies and regulations that will promote any abilities and capabilities that are emerging within the developing countries for health innovation; for example, allowing developing countries to undertake their own clinical trials and improving intellectual property protection, as well as the local production of pharmaceuticals. Technology transfer: a large amount of the focus here is placed on ensuring that capacity is noted in the developing regions for policies which also recognise that technology transfer and development is a key way in which the developing countries can gain at least some benefit from existing technologies in other regions[10]. For example, the TRIPS Agreement offered specific incentives for developed countries to work alongside developing regions; therefore, these incentives need to be reviewed, in order to ensure that they are sufficiently strong to encourage and develop countries to transfer technology wherever possible[11]. Application and management of intellectual property: there needs to be recognition that there is a requirement to strengthen capacity to allow intellectual property to be developed within developing regions. It has been proposed by the WHO that there needs to be a review of the application of intellectual property rights within health innovation, to offer incentives to promote the use of intellectual property in the developing countries, even where it may not be immediately perceived to be commercially beneficial. Improving delivery and access: as noted at the outset, establishing health innovation is merely one step in the innovation cycle and there needs to be a strong infrastructure in place to ensure that mechanisms are available to ensure that quality medicines are made available directly to those people who require them, at the correct time, with this being inherently linked to pricing and taxation. Ensuring sustainable financing mechanism: this core element looks more towards the long-term impact on the provision of healthcare services within the developing countries. Whilst there are often substantial financial injections into the developing countries, this needs to be made on a more sustainable footing in order to ensure that there are no substantial gaps in the financing of research and that the development cycle is continuous. Establishing a monitoring and reporting system: the final stage of the focus is to ensure that ongoing monitoring takes place and any potential gaps identified at the earliest opportunity, so that other aspects of the policy can be tweaked in order to encourage appropriate behaviour from both the developing countries themselves and also commercial organisations elsewhere which regularly interact with the developing regions, particularly when it comes to the provision of intellectual property and health innovation.   Ongoing Monitoring on Impact Having set out the various different policy approaches, it is proposed here that, if these were to be effectively applied, the developing countries would be in a much stronger position to ensure that health innovations are developed securely in relation to neglected diseases and are more readily available to those in need[12]. However, the strength of these policies really lies in their implementation and whether or not implementation has been successfully achieved, on a practical level. For this reason, the latter stage of this analysis looks at monitoring and evaluating the impact of these policies[13]. By looking in more detail at the area of the policy that is focused on establishing a robust monitoring and reporting systems, the WHO suggests that four areas need to be monitored, specifically. These include, the gap that exists in terms of health products and medical devices; the impact that intellectual property has on all aspects of the policies under scrutiny; the impact of any incentive mechanisms for transferring technology between the developed and developing regions; and finally, the level of investment in research and development, particularly in the developing regions[14]. The key difficulty when it comes to monitoring the impact of the strategy has been that it requires interactions among a variety of different entities, not all of whom are within the health sector. For example, it is necessary to look at the various political and economic issues, as well as goals, in order to gain an understanding of how effective the strategy is proving, from a practical perspective. Conclusions To a large extent, it is suggested here that the best approach for strategy implementation is to utilise regional platforms. By recognising that such a wide variety of landscapes exist among the various different countries, it is necessary to start at a regional level to develop platforms that will enable these regions to promote the underlying strategy, rather than focussing on one consistent approach. The same is true for the development of intellectual property, where having one overall global policy is simply impractical. Here, again, there is a need for intellectual property protection to take into account the demands from developing regions and for incentives to be provided to ensure that those producing medical developments are offered sufficient incentives to provide this information to the developing regions, despite reduced economic capabilities in these regions. When looking at this from a legal perspective and in particular the TRIPS Agreement, it can be seen that there are elements of incentives offered to ensure that developing countries are able t to attract at least some element of intellectual property development[15]; however, these need to be looked at in more detail, to encourage greater practical application, if the WHO strategy is to be successful and the gap between developing and developed countries is not to increase to an unsustainable level. Fundamentally, therefore, mechanisms need to be put in place in order to ensure that the commercial agents developing these medicines are encouraged to focus on those areas of greatest need, rather than on those areas with the greatest financial resources are able to pay for medicines that have been developed. It is concluded here, that there is always likely to be a disparity between commercial demands, as a result of intellectual property protection and health requirements weakening the position of the poorer regions. It is therefore down to international bodies such as the WHO to ensure that there is an incentive mechanisms are in place, in order to redress this imbalance as simple economic tools of supply and demand will not achieve this alone. References Abbott, F.M. (2005) ‘The WTO Medicines Decision: World Pharmaceutical Trade and   the Protection of Public Health’. American Journal of International Law 99(2): 317–58. Borrell, J.-R. (2007) ‘Pricing and Patents of HIV/AIDS Drugs in Developing Countries’.Applied Economics 39(4): 505–18 Branstetter, L., R. Fisman and C.F. Foley (2006) ‘Do Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Increase International Technology Transfer? Empirical Evidence from US Firm-level Panel Data’. Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(1): 321–49 Chaudhuri S. (2010), â€Å"RD for development of new drugs for neglected diseases in India†, Int. J. Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 5, Nos.  ½, pp. 61-75   Giaccotto, C., R.E. Santerre and J.A. Vernon (2005) ‘Drug Prices and Research and Development Investment Behavior in the Pharmaceutical Industry’. Journal of Law and Economics 48(1): 195–214. Ito, B. and R. Wakasugi (2007) ‘What Factors Determine the Mode of Overseas RD by Multinationals? Empirical Evidence’. Research Policy 36(8): 1275–87. Kremer, M. and R. Glennerster (2004) Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. MSF (2001)., Drugs for Neglected Diseases Working Group and the Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for Neglected Diseases, MSF, Geneva. Lacetera N. and Orsenigo L. (2001), â€Å"Political regimes. technological regimes and innovation in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry in the USA and in Europe†, paper prepared for the Conference on Evolutionary Economics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, 30-31 March 2001 Ostergard, R.L. (2000) ‘The Measurement of Intellectual Property Rights Protection’. Journal of International Business Studies 31(2): 349–60. Resolution WHA61.21, â€Å"Global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property†, i Sixty-First World Health Assembly, Geneva, 19–24 May 2008,   Volume 1. Resolutions and decisions. Geneva, World Health Organization Sampath P. (2010), â€Å"Global health innovation, big pharma and emerging trends†, in Reconfiguring Global Health Innovation: Creating Capacity for Disease of the Poor, Routledge Publishing, September 2010. Santa Cruz M. and Roffe P., â€Å"A review of recent developments at the multilateral level with respect to intellectual property and the pharmaceutical industry†, Journal of Generic Medicines 6, 323-331 World Health Organization (2006), Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights, Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health, WHO, Geneva, , p. 174. Yamin A. (2003), â€Å"Not Just a Tragedy: Access to Medications as a Right Under International Law†, Boston University Law Journal, vol. 21:325-372 [1] Resolution WHA61.21, â€Å"Global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property†, i Sixty-First World Health Assembly, Geneva, 19–24 May 2008,   Volume 1. Resolutions and decisions. Geneva, World Health Organization [2] World Health Organization (2006), Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights, Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health, WHO, Geneva, , p. 174 [3] Ito, B. and R. Wakasugi (2007) ‘What Factors Determine the Mode of Overseas RD by Multinationals? Empirical Evidence’. Research Policy 36(8): 1275–87. [4] Borrell, J.-R. (2007) ‘Pricing and Patents of HIV/AIDS Drugs in Developing Countries’.Applied Economics 39(4): 505–18 [5] Santa Cruz M. and Roffe P., â€Å"A review of recent developments at the multilateral level with respect to intellectual property and the pharmaceutical industry†, Journal of Generic Medicines 6, 323-331 [6] Abbott, F.M. (2005) ‘The WTO Medicines Decision: World Pharmaceutical Trade and   the Protection of Public Health’. American Journal of International Law 99(2): 317–58. [7] Sampath P. (2010), â€Å"Global health innovation, big pharma and emerging trends†, in Reconfiguring Global Health Innovation: Creating Capacity for Disease of the Poor, Routledge Publishing, September 2010. [8] Ostergard, R.L. (2000) ‘The Measurement of Intellectual Property Rights Protection’. Journal of International Business Studies 31(2): 349–60. [9] Yamin A. (2003), â€Å"Not Just a Tragedy: Access to Medications as a Right Under International Law†, Boston University Law Journal, vol. 21:325-372 [10] Branstetter, L., R. Fisman and C.F. Foley (2006) ‘Do Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Increase International Technology Transfer? Empirical Evidence from US Firm-level Panel Data’. Quarterly Journal of Economics 121(1): 321–49 [11] Kremer, M. and R. Glennerster (2004) Strong Medicine: Creating Incentives for Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [12] Chaudhuri S. (2010), â€Å"RD for development of new drugs for neglected diseases in India†, Int. J. Technology and Globalisation, Vol. 5, Nos.  ½, pp. 61-75 [13] MSF (2001)., Drugs for Neglected Diseases Working Group and the Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for Neglected Diseases, MSF, Geneva. [14] Lacetera N. and Orsenigo L. (2001), â€Å"Political regimes. technological regimes and innovation in the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry in the USA and in Europe†, paper prepared for the Conference on Evolutionary Economics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, 30-31 March 2001 [15] Giaccotto, C., R.E. Santerre and J.A. Vernon (2005) ‘Drug Prices and Research and Development Investment Behavior in the Pharmaceutical Industry’. Journal of Law and Economics 48(1): 195–214

Noun Clauses

Noun Clauses Noun Clauses Noun Clauses By Maeve Maddox A reader asks for more information about noun clauses. First, a little review. A clause is a group of words that contains a main verb. Examples: I dance the polka. what people like that ruined the evening Clauses are of two kinds: main or independent subordinate or dependent Clauses function as parts of speech: He bumped into the wall when the lights went out. (Adverb clause modifying the verb bumped.) Theres the man who saved the kitten. (Adjective clause qualifying the noun man.) He knows what consumers like. (Noun clause, object of the verb knows.) A noun clause functions as a noun in another clause. The noun clause may be the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition: What he is doing smacks of corruption. (Noun clause, subject of the verb smacks.) We can only hope that the wind will die down soon. (Noun clause, object of the verb can hope.) Ill give this computer to whoever wants it. (Noun clause, object of the preposition to.) And yes, it should be whoever and not whomever because whoever is the subject of the verb wants. Some words that may introduce a noun clause: who whom whose which that if whether what when where how why whoever whenever whatever wherever Sometimes the introductory word may be left out, as in I wish I knew the reason. (i.e,, I wish that I knew the reason.) But thats another post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcHow to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

The future of SMEs(Small Medium Enterprises) in developing hospitality Essay

The future of SMEs(Small Medium Enterprises) in developing hospitality products - Essay Example Eminence inside a hospitality organization consists of the entire services which the tourist is busy in and is not restricted by instance or locality of the stay. The pace of reply and size of information are to be perceived as significant factors for the quality of Small and medium-sized hospitality organization and, of course, customer satisfaction.   This paper deals with the future of small and medium-sized hospitality Enterprises (SMHEs) in developing hospitality products. The hospitality industry is entered a new era of dazzling breakthroughs in communication and information technologies. Today, the top organizations are no longer shrinking back from the technology sector because they believe it to be broad, personal, or indispensable. In its place, advanced hospitality hands, especially in UK, distinguishes that in a progressively more bloodthirsty market, the acceptance and amalgamation of new technologies across their whole business enterprise opens the door to new potentials and practices that can indicate the disparity between success and malfunction. It has been argued that smaller enterprises can achieve considerable profits from IT sector. However, there should be a clear difference between the information needs of firms and their technology requirements (Mutch, 1998). The spending on IT sector in the hotel industry is somewhat low contrasted with industries such as monetary services and telecommunications, whose basic functions are reliant on IT-based developments, the sector use up to  £2,241 per desktop every year for small and medium-sized industries and  £5,554 for larger industries. Study has previously shown that various products are by now one of the most well-liked and trendy products putted up for sale over the Internet. Once the chains of hotels have been nippy to take advantage of on new technology and similarly it can be alleged for Internet, with the majority of